Author’s note: This article shows how to derive circuit gain equations via a signal flow graph. With practice you may be able to write a gain equation by locating signal paths and loops in the ...

CMOS mixers are integral components in modern radio frequency (RF) circuit design, enabling frequency conversion in wireless systems while prioritising low power consumption. Recent progress in ...

If you’ve ever used an RF signal analyzer, you’re probably used to seeing displays like the spectrum graph or constellation plot. Of course, trusting the answers you get from the instrument often ...

Today’s consumer, communication, and computer electronic devices have clocks, communication interfaces, and high-speed signal-conditioning circuits that operate at radio frequencies (RF). Providing ...

Active inductors have emerged as a transformative component in CMOS radio frequency (RF) circuit design, effectively replacing traditional passive inductors with active semiconductor networks. By ...

Finally, the DC offset introduced by the RF signal is measured by a digital multimeter. Note that a low-pass filter is used between the amplifier and the multimeter to prevent potential errors caused ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics. Front-end limiter circuits using Schottky and PIN diodes can provide needed protection in communications and other RF systems. However, ...