As an undergraduate at Radcliffe College—Harvard's allgirl sister institution—in the 1960s, Susan Gottesman earned pocket money working as a technician in Jim Watson's Harvard lab. "I would hear ...

Toxin–antitoxin systems are two-gene modules widespread across bacterial and archaeal genomes, typically comprising a stable toxin that impairs essential cellular processes and a labile antitoxin that ...

Approximately four billion years ago, the first forms of life emerged on Earth. For eons, biological life consisted of prokaryotic organisms, either early bacteria or archaea. Determining when ...