Encoders are widely used to help control machine position and speed. Typical encoder output, a series of quadrature signals, consists of two full square Encoders are widely used to help control ...

There is an ever-increasing demand for accuracy in many manufacturing industries. Adding to this general need for higher accuracy is the fact that industry sectors such as semiconductors and ...

In robotics, movements must be precise and well-controlled. As robots are asked to do more as industry becomes more familiar with the technology, there will be an increasing need for high accuracy ...

It takes considerable time and effort to manufacture “perfect” surfaces. The mirrors on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, with a surface area of about 25 m 2 and finished to accuracies of 25 nm, took ...